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                  <text>&lt;span&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://exhibits.library.jhu.edu/exhibits/show/a-message-of-inclusion/introduction"&gt;A Message of Inclusion, A History of Exclusion: Racial Injustice at the Peabody Institute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;" Exhibit&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Peabody Preparatory Enrollment and Branches of Study, Folder 3 Daybook 31 1940-41, VII-1.D.5, Preparatory Daybooks 1923-1943, Arthur Friedheim Library, Peabody Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, 77.</text>
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                    <text>It is without doubt that both the architectural choices behind the Peabody Library and public services it provides were responses to contemporary events and recent developments associated with the Industrial Revolution. The ornaments covering cast-iron structures within the library stack room were Neo-Grec, which is a style characteristic of the 19th century and reflects the Renaissance Revival architecture. A lot of the details were used at a scale and in ways that did not have ties with Greek art, but rather extracted from the painted details on ancient Greek pottery: Greek motifs were embedded into the designs of various internal structures such as the pendants on the undersurface of the skylight; and delicate plant forms decorate borders of trusses and architraves.&#13;
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It can also be interpreted that cast-iron is a fortifier: the shift from wood to cast-iron is metaphoric for America’s transition as a nation that was once wrought with civil unrest and injustice to one that was en route to socioeconomic recovery, suggestive of a stronger, more united political state.</text>
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                    <text>Because the Founder and Board of Trustees were all well-known businessmen, a majority of the Baltimorean public saw the Institute as an institution that was built on elitist principles. During post-Civil War period, Americans demanded that cultural projects contribute to “self improvement, national awareness, worldly comfort, or the integration and stabilization of society” (217) (Robinson, 1971)&#13;
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But Peabody wanted to make this school specialized, having the goal to found the Academy of Music or Conservatory, making its primary function be more social rather than technical. However, the Trustees thought this was a “watered down” version of a European conservatory idea, likely to result in some dissatisfaction within thte Baltimorean academic community. They felt Baltimore was not ready for an institute of this type since no cultural institution or academy existed then.&#13;
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Nine years had to pass before the Institute opened doors to people. It stood against animosity that arose from Civil War that threatened to shake the democratic foundations it was established upon. The Peabody Institute was a testament to democracy, a physical example that embodied unification between the Committees, Board of Trustees, and other staff that including the librarian--all people Peabody had invested time and put trust in.&#13;
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Then and now, the Peabody Library was to be seen as a "cathedral of books", a place of scholarly knowledge and a place for humans to understand the value in community engagement and commitment to academia.</text>
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                    <text>The founding of the Peabody Institute pre-Civil War was met with a lot of interest and pride within the Baltimorean community: “Long articles in the Baltimore Sun and the Baltimore American described the design in great detail in April 1858, when Lind was declared the winner of the competition [...] there had never been a building of such magnitude in the city. No city wanted to be thought of a cultural laggard, and Baltimore was eager to have an institution that would spawn cultural awareness and interest in the arts” (75) (Belfoure, 2009)&#13;
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                    <text>The Saturday Night has consistently published articles regarding the dynamics within the Chinese family sphere, suggestive of its racial discrimination. It was also during the late nineteenth century that Chinese settlers began to arrive in Baltimore from California and other West Coast states after their jobs as laborers for the transcontinental railroad completed in 1869. When Saturday Night released its first issue, there was also a noticeable rise in anti-Chinese sentiment nationwide, making discrimination not regionally specific to Maryland.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Hullabaloo,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;ed. Heiner et. al. (Baltimore, 1921): 193.</text>
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                <text>There had been other fraternities which had accepted Jews--notably the honor societies (e.g., Phi Beta Kappa) and Phi Alpha.  The latter was a fraternity which was often grouped with the honorary and professional fraternities, but some accounts speak of it as a social fraternity. </text>
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