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In the history of psychiatry, the First World War is often identified with the rise of the disorder of “shell shock.” Referred to at the time most often as “war neurosis,” the malady was characterized by tics, convulsions, muscle spasms, paralyses,…

A steel-framed mask that fits over the nose and mouth. The mask is covered with stockinette. Ether is open dropped onto the mask to anesthetize patients during surgery.